chemical material tio2 rutile titanium dioxide r816 for coating and paints manufacturers

{随机栏目} 2025-08-14 03:44 1224
  • The basic scenario of resistive switching in TiO2 (Jameson et al., 2007) assumes the formation and electromigration of oxygen vacancies between the electrodes (Baiatu et al., 1990), so that the distribution of concomitant n-type conductivity (Janotti et al., 2010) across the volume can eventually be controlled by an external electric bias, as schematically shown in Figure 1B. Direct observations with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed more complex electroforming processes in TiO2 thin films. In one of the studies, a continuous Pt filament between the electrodes was observed in a planar Pt/TiO2/Pt memristor (Jang et al., 2016). As illustrated in Figure 1C, the corresponding switching mechanism was suggested as the formation of a conductive nanofilament with a high concentration of ionized oxygen vacancies and correspondingly reduced Ti3+ ions. These ions induce detachment and migration of Pt atoms from the electrode via strong metal–support interactions (Tauster, 1987). Another TEM investigation of a conductive TiO2 nanofilament revealed it to be a Magnéli phase TinO2n−1 (Kwon et al., 2010). Supposedly, its formation results from an increase in the concentrations of oxygen vacancies within a local nanoregion above their thermodynamically stable limit. This scenario is schematically shown in Figure 1D. Other hypothesized point defect mechanisms involve a contribution of cation and anion interstitials, although their behavior has been studied more in tantalum oxide (Wedig et al., 2015; Kumar et al., 2016). The plausible origins and mechanisms of memristive switching have been comprehensively reviewed in topical publications devoted to metal oxide memristors (Yang et al., 2008; Waser et al., 2009; Ielmini, 2016) as well as TiO2 (Jeong et al., 2011; Szot et al., 2011; Acharyya et al., 2014). The resistive switching mechanisms in memristive materials are regularly revisited and updated in the themed review publications (Sun et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020).

    {随机栏目} 2025-08-14 02:38 212
  • Understanding HPMC What Does It Stand For and Its Significance


  • HPMC (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) is a versatile polymer that is widely used in various industries including pharmaceuticals, construction, and food. One of the key properties of HPMC is its viscosity, which plays a crucial role in its applications.


  • Additionally, HPMC is employed in ophthalmic preparations, such as eye drops and gels. Its high viscosity provides lubrication, which is crucial for dry eye treatment. It also acts as a stabilizer in suspensions and emulsions, maintaining uniform distribution of active ingredients. The safety profile of HPMC, combined with its non-toxic and biodegradable characteristics, makes it a favored excipient for various pharmaceutical applications.


  • Synthesis Process


  • HPMC, or Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose, is a cellulose derivative that possesses remarkable properties which make it useful in a variety of applications. Originally developed for pharmaceutical, food, and construction industries, HPMC is now making strides in the realm of detergents. This non-ionic polymer is praised for its solubility in water, film-forming abilities, and its capacity to enhance the viscosity of solutions.


  • In the food industry, for example, HPMC is often used as a thickener and stabilizer in sauces and dressings, where its water solubility allows it to integrate seamlessly into the product. In pharmaceuticals, HPMC serves as a binder in tablet formulations and as a viscosity-enhancing agent in various liquid medications. Additionally, in the cosmetics industry, HPMC is utilized to increase the viscosity of lotions and creams and to serve as a film-forming agent in products like hair gels.